Summary Celia Alma Nurhaliza (causal explanation)

 Group 1 (water pollution)

Water pollution has become an increasing problem on our earth, which is affecting human and animal lives. Water pollution occurs when chemicals, waste, or other particles cause a body of water to become harmful to everybody.

‌Natural causes: sometimes volcanoes, animal waste, algae, and silk from floods cause water pollution.

‌Human causes: Some human causes for water pollution like Sewage, Fertilizers and pesticides from farms ,Waste from factories and construction sites acid rain.
Some effects of water pollution:
‌Death of aquatic animals: it kills organisms like fish crabs birds and dolphins that depend on these water bodies.
‌Disruption of food chains: pollutants are eaten by small animals these animals are consumed by fish and others and the food chain continues to be disrupted at all the levels.
‌Diseases: drinking polluted water can cause serious health problems.


Some steps to control water pollution:
1. Always look for the correct waistband for throwing waste.
2. Save water close the tap when not in use.
3. Do not throw waste chemicals soils and medicines in the sink drain.
4. Do not overuse pesticides and fertilizers.
5. Try planting more and more trees.

Group 2 (How do ciggarets effect the body)

Smoking has significant negative impacts on health in the long term. Black resin from cigarettes can build up on teeth and gums, causing wrinkles, and damage nerve endings in the nose resulting in loss of smell. Additionally, smoking increases the risk of respiratory tract and lung infections by filling the alveoli, disrupting the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. Nicotine quickly reaches the brain within 10 seconds increasing addiction through neurotransmitters such as endorphins. Smoking also damages the endothelial lining of blood vessels, thickening their walls and increasing the risk of heart attack and stroke, while nickel can interfere with DNA repair, increasing the risk of cancer.

The use of chewing gum, skin adhesive, lozenges, and sprays to replace nicotine can help someone quit the smoking habit. Using this prescription nicotine can avoid symptoms caused by withdrawal from other harmful chemicals. In addition, counseling and support groups, cognitive behavioral therapy, and moderate exercise activity are also very effective in keeping people from smoking. This is a positive sign that we are starting important steps toward overall health.
Cause-Effect Connecting Words: Words like "because," "results," and "which causes" indicate a cause and effect relationship. For example, “Nicotine binds to receptors, resulting in addiction.” These conjunctions help explain why smoking causes certain effects in the body, making it easier to follow the logic of the relationship between one thing and another.

Grorp 4 (how day turns into night)
Day and night are natural cycles that are essential to life on Earth. This cycle occurs because of the rotation of the Earth. Day and night are natural processes that are very important for life, which are triggered by the rotation of the Earth. Cause and Effect Explanation: The Earth rotates on its axis (an imaginary line from the North Pole to the South Pole) every 24 hours. When the Earth rotates, the part facing the sun experiences day, while the opposite side experiences night. So, the day to night cycle is caused by the Earth's continuous rotation. This cycle creates a balance between light and darkness, which is essential for life on our planet.


Group 5 (how tsunamis happens)
Earthquakes, especially those that occur in subduction zones, shift the sea floor vertically. This vertical movement transfers energy to the water above, triggering wave formation. As tsunami waves approach shallower water, their speed decreases but wave height increases due to energy conservation. This is why tsunamis are more destructive when they arrive at the coast. Aftershocks or secondary seismic events can cause additional waves, complicating evacuation efforts.

Group 6 (how does an earthquake happen)

An earthquake is a natural phenomenon that occur when the ground suddenly shake or vibrotes. Earthquakes are causwd by the movement of tectonic plates, which are large piece of the plates, which are large pieces of the earth's crust that move slowly over times. These waves can cause the ground to shake or vibraten, and also other geological phenomenom. Earthquakes can be very dengerous, they can cause serious damage to buildings and infrastructure. They can also cause loss of life. It is important for communities to be prepared for earthquakes and have emegency plans.